Intuthuko Ethuthukile Kumaseli Okubulala Wemvelo (NK) Ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-50
Kusukela imibiko yokuqala yama-lymphocyte ekhombisa ukubulawa "okungaqondile" kwamaseli wesimila ngo-1973, ukuqonda nokubaluleka kwamaseli e-Natural Killer (NK) kuye kwavela kakhulu. Ngo-1975, u-Rolf Kiessling kanye nozakwabo e-Karolinska Institute baqamba igama elithi "Natural Killer" amaseli, egqamisa ikhono lawo eliyingqayizivele lokuhlasela ngokuzenzakalelayo amaseli wesimila ngaphandle kokuzwela ngaphambili.
Eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu ezayo, amalabhorethri amaningi emhlabeni wonke afunde kabanzi ama-NK cell in vitro ukuze acacise indima yawo ekuzivikeleni kosokhaya kumathumba nama-microbial pathogens, kanye nemisebenzi yawo yokulawula ngaphakathi kwamasosha omzimba.
Amaseli e-NK: Ama-Lymphocyte Angaphakathi Ephayona
Amaseli e-NK, amalungu okuqala anezimpawu zomndeni we-lymphocyte azalwa, avikela izimila kanye namagciwane ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi oqondile we-cytotoxic kanye nokukhishwa kwama-cytokines nama-chemokines. Ekuqaleni ibizwe ngokuthi "amaseli angenalutho" ngenxa yokungabikho komaka, ukuthuthuka kokulandelana kwe-RNA yeseli elilodwa, i-flow cytometry, kanye ne-mass spectrometry kuvumele ukuhlukaniswa okunemininingwane kwezinhlobo zamaseli e-NK.
Iminyaka Eyishumi Yokuqala (1973-1982): Ukuthola I-Cytotoxicity Engaqondile
Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960 kanye nasekuqaleni kwawo-1970 kwavela ukuthuthukiswa kwezivivinyo ezilula ze-in vitro ukukala i-cytotoxicity yeseli. Ngo-1974, u-Herberman kanye nozakwabo babonisa ukuthi ama-lymphocyte egazi angaphandle avela kubantu abanempilo angabulala amangqamuzana e-lymphoma abantu ahlukahlukene. U-Kiessling, u-Klein, no-Wigzell baphinde bachaza ukuhlaziya okuzenzakalelayo kwamangqamuzana e-tumor ngama-lymphocyte avela kumagundane angenalo isimila, beqamba lo msebenzi ngokuthi "ukubulala kwemvelo."
Ishumi Lesibili Leminyaka (1983-1992): I-Phenotypic Characterization and Viral Defense
Phakathi neminyaka yawo-1980, ukugxila kushintshele ekufanekisweni kwe-phenotypic kwamaseli e-NK, okuholela ekuhlonzweni kwenani elincane lemisebenzi ehlukile. Ngo-1983, ososayensi base behlonze izingxenye ezisebenzayo ezihlukene zamaseli e-NK abantu. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe lwaqokomisa indima ebalulekile yamangqamuzana e-NK ekuvikeleni ama-herpesvirus, aboniswa isiguli esinezifo ezinzima ze-herpesvirus ngenxa yokuntuleka kweseli ye-NK.
Ishumi Lesithathu Leminyaka (1993-2002): Ukuqonda Ama-Receptors nama-Ligands
Inqubekelaphambili ebonakalayo ngeminyaka yawo-1990 nasekuqaleni kwawo-2000 yaholela ekuhlonzweni nasekuhlanganiseni ama-NK cell receptors kanye nemigqa yawo. Okutholakele okufana nesamukeli se-NKG2D kanye nemigqa ebangelwa ukucindezeleka kusungule isisekelo sokuqonda izindlela zokuqaphela "ezishintshile" zamaseli e-NK.
Ishumi Lesine Leminyaka (2003-2012): NK Cell Memory kanye nokunikezwa kwelayisensi
Ngokuphambene nemibono evamile, izifundo zango-2000 zabonisa ukuthi amaseli e-NK angabonisa izimpendulo ezifana nenkumbulo. Abacwaningi babonise ukuthi amaseli e-NK angakwazi ukulamula izimpendulo eziqondene ne-antigen futhi athuthukise uhlobo "lwenkumbulo" olufana namaseli omzimba aguquguqukayo. Ukwengeza, umqondo we-NK cell "ilayisensi" wavela, uchaza ukuthi ukusebenzisana nama-molecule e-self-MHC kungathuthukisa kanjani ukuphendula kwe-NK cell.
Ishumi Lesihlanu Leminyaka (2013-Okwamanje): Izicelo Zemitholampilo Nokwehlukahlukana
Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe iqhube ucwaningo lwamaseli e-NK. I-mass cytometry kanye nokulandelana kwe-RNA yeseli elilodwa kwembula ukuhlukahluka okubanzi kwe-phenotypic phakathi kwamaseli e-NK. Ngokomtholampilo, amaseli e-NK abonise isithembiso ekwelapheni izifo ze-hematological, njengoba kuboniswa ukusetshenziswa ngempumelelo kwamaseli e-CD19 CAR-NK ezigulini ze-lymphoma ngo-2020.
Amathemba Esikhathi esizayo: Imibuzo Engaphenduliwe kanye Nemibono Emisha
Njengoba ucwaningo luqhubeka, kusasele imibuzo eminingi ethakazelisayo. Amaseli e-NK ayithola kanjani inkumbulo eqondene ne-antigen? Ingabe amaseli e-NK angasetshenziselwa ukulawula izifo ezizimele? Singazinqoba kanjani izinselelo ezidalwa yi-tumor microenvironment ukuze kusebenze amaseli e-NK ngempumelelo? Iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu ezayo ithembisa ukutholwa okujabulisayo nokungalindelekile ku-NK cell biology, enikeza amasu amasha okwelapha umdlavuza nezifo ezithathelwanayo.