Ci gaban Cigaba a cikin Kwayoyin Kisan Halitta (NK) Sama da Shekaru 50
Tun da rahotanni na farko na lymphocytes suna nuna "ba takamaiman" kashe kwayoyin tumor a cikin 1973, fahimta da mahimmancin kwayoyin Killer (NK) sun samo asali sosai. A cikin 1975, Rolf Kiessling da abokan aiki a Cibiyar Karolinska sun ƙirƙira kalmar "Killer Na halitta" sel, suna nuna ikonsu na musamman na kai hari ga ƙwayoyin tumo ba tare da saninsa ba.
A cikin shekaru hamsin masu zuwa, dakunan gwaje-gwaje da yawa a duk duniya sun yi nazari da yawa a cikin ƙwayoyin NK a cikin vitro don bayyana rawar da suke takawa wajen kare rundunar tsaro daga ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma ayyukansu na tsari a cikin tsarin rigakafi.
Kwayoyin NK: Ƙwararrun Lymphocytes na Majagaba
Kwayoyin NK, farkon mambobi ne na dangin lymphocyte na asali, suna kare kariya daga ciwace-ciwacen daji da ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar aikin cytotoxic kai tsaye da ɓoyewar cytokines da chemokines. Da farko ana kiranta da "kwayoyin marasa amfani" saboda rashin gano alamomi, ci gaba a cikin jerin RNA-cell guda ɗaya, cytometry mai gudana, da ma'auni mai yawa sun ba da damar rarrabuwa dalla-dalla na ƙananan ƙwayoyin salula na NK.
Shekaru Goma Na Farko (1973-1982): Gano Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru
Ƙarshen 1960s da farkon 1970s sun ga ci gaba da sauƙi a cikin in vitro auna don auna cytotoxicity ta hanyar salula. A cikin 1974, Herberman da abokan aiki sun nuna cewa ƙwayoyin lymphocytes na jini daga mutane masu lafiya na iya kashe ƙwayoyin lymphoma na ɗan adam daban-daban. Kiessling, Klein, da Wigzell sun kara bayyana lysis na kwayoyin cutar kansa ta hanyar lymphocytes daga berayen da ba su da ƙari, suna kiran wannan aikin "kisan dabi'a."
Shekaru Goma Na Biyu (1983-1992): Halayen Halitta da Tsaron Kwayoyin cuta
A cikin 1980s, mayar da hankali ya koma ga halayen phenotypic na ƙwayoyin NK, wanda ya haifar da gano ƙananan jama'a tare da ayyuka daban-daban. A shekara ta 1983, masana kimiyya sun gano sassa daban-daban na ƙwayoyin NK na ɗan adam. Ƙarin nazarin ya nuna mahimmancin rawar da ƙwayoyin NK ke takawa wajen karewa daga ƙwayoyin cuta na herpes, wanda majiyyaci da ke fama da cututtuka masu tsanani ya misalta saboda ƙarancin kwayoyin halitta na NK.
Shekaru Goma Na Uku (1993-2002): Fahimtar Masu karɓa da Laligands
Babban ci gaba a cikin 1990s da farkon 2000s ya haifar da ganowa da cloning na masu karɓa na NK da haɗin gwiwar su. Ganowa irin su mai karɓar NKG2D da ligands ɗin da ke haifar da damuwa sun kafa tushe don fahimtar hanyoyin gane ƙwayoyin NK ''canza-kai''.
Shekaru Goma na Hudu (2003-2012): Ƙwaƙwalwar Waya ta NK da Lasisi
Sabanin ra'ayi na al'ada, nazarin a cikin 2000s ya nuna cewa kwayoyin NK na iya nuna alamun ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Masu bincike sun nuna cewa ƙwayoyin NK na iya yin sulhu ta takamaiman martanin antigen da haɓaka wani nau'i na "ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya" daidai da ƙwayoyin rigakafi masu dacewa. Bugu da ƙari, manufar "lasisi" ta tantanin halitta NK ya fito, yana bayanin yadda hulɗa tare da kwayoyin MHC na kai zai iya haɓaka amsawar tantanin halitta NK.
Shekaru goma na biyar (2013-Present): Aikace-aikace na Clinical da Diversity
A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, ci gaban fasaha ya jagoranci binciken NK cell. Mass cytometry da jerin RNA-cell guda ɗaya sun bayyana ɗimbin bambance-bambancen phenotypic tsakanin ƙwayoyin NK. A asibiti, ƙwayoyin NK sun nuna alƙawarin magance cututtukan jini, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar nasarar aikace-aikacen ƙwayoyin CD19 CAR-NK a cikin marasa lafiyar lymphoma a cikin 2020.
Halayen gaba: Tambayoyin da ba a Amsa ba da Sabbin Hanyoyi
Yayin da bincike ya ci gaba, tambayoyi masu ban sha'awa da yawa sun rage. Ta yaya ƙwayoyin NK ke samun takamaiman ƙwaƙwalwar antigen? Za a iya amfani da ƙwayoyin NK don sarrafa cututtuka na autoimmune? Ta yaya za mu iya shawo kan ƙalubalen da ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta haifar don kunna ƙwayoyin NK yadda ya kamata? Shekaru hamsin masu zuwa sunyi alƙawarin bincike masu ban sha'awa da ba zato ba tsammani a cikin ilimin halitta na NK cell, yana ba da sabbin dabarun warkewa don ciwon daji da cututtuka masu yaduwa.